INTELIGÊNCIA ARTIFICIAL E PESQUISA EM HISTÓRIA MEDIEVAL
APLICAÇÕES, DESAFIOS E POSSIBILIDADES
Palavras-chave:
História Medieval, Inteligência Artificial, Humanidades Digitais, Fontes Históricas, EpistemologiaResumo
Este artigo analisa a integração da Inteligência Artificial (IA) na pesquisa medieval como um evento epistemológico que reconfigura práticas historiográficas. Argumenta-se que a opacidade algorítmica (“caixa-preta”) da IA gera uma “crise de justificação”, desafiando o raciocínio tradicional do historiador. A análise de aplicações como o Reconhecimento de Texto Manuscrito (HTR) e a Análise de Redes Sociais (SNA) evidencia a necessidade de uma nova “crítica das fontes 2.0”, que avalie tanto o documento quanto o processo computacional. Conclui-se que o ofício do historiador se expande: o pesquisador deve se tornar um “crítico do instrumento”, aplicando o rigor hermenêutico à própria tecnologia para garantir uma historiografia digital reflexiva e relevante.
Referências
AGUILAR, J.; et al. Multilingual Named Entity Recognition for Medieval Manuscripts. In: Proceedings of the 3rd workshop on language technologies for historical and ancient languages (LT4HALA 2022), Marseille, 2022. p. 261-274.
AOUINTI, F.; EYHARABIDE, V.; FRESQUET, X.; BILLIET, F. Illumination detection in IIIF medieval manuscripts using deep learning. Digital Medievalist, v. 15, n. 1, p. 1–18, 2022. Disponível em: https://journal.digitalmedievalist.org/article/id/8073/. Acesso em: 18 ago. 2025.
BEATRICE, C. The challenges of HTR model training. Journal of Data Mining and Digital Humanities, 2023.
BIRNBAUM, D. J.; BONDE, S.; KESTEMONT, M. The Digital Middle Ages: An Introduction. Speculum, v. 92, n. S1, p. S1-S38, out. 2017. Disponível em: https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/694236. Acesso em 18 ago. 2025.
BRASIL, E. História digital: reflexões a partir da hemeroteca digital. Estudos Históricos, Rio de Janeiro, v. 33, n. 69, p. 531-551, 2020. Disponível em: https://periodicos.fgv.br/reh/article/view/79933. Acesso em: 18 ago. 2025.
BUCHNEA, E.; ELSANH, Z. Historical social network analysis: Advancing new directions for international business research. Journal of World Business, v. 57, n. 5, 2022.Acesso em: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096959312200018X. Acessoe m: 18 ago. 2025.
BURRELL, J. How the machine “thinks”: Understanding opacity in machine learning algorithms. Big Data & Society, v. 3, n. 1, 2016. Disponível em: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2053951715622512. Acesso em: 18 ago. 2025.
CHASTANG, P.; AGUILAR, S. T.; TANNIER, X. A named entity recognition model for medieval Latin charters. DHQ: Digital Humanities Quarterly, v. 15, n. 4, 2021.Disponível em: https://orbilu.uni.lu/bitstream/10993/59645/1/000574.pdf. Acesso em: 18 ago. 2025.
CLAVERT, F. Sur trois textes: épistémologie de l'histoire et Humanités numériques. L'histoire contemporaine à l'ère numérique, 20 dez. 2013. Disponível em: https://histnum.hypotheses.org/1968. Acesso em: 04 ago. 2025.
COLETTO, G. M. On Making in the Digital Humanities: A study of digital-born scholarly outputs. Tese (Doutorado em Digital Humanities) – University College London, Londres, 2021. Disponível em: https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10166341/1/On-making-in-the-digital-humanities.pdf. Acesso em: 18 ago. 2025.
CRYMBLE, A. Technology and the Historian: Transformations in the Digital Age. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2021.
DE LANGHE, L.; DE CLERCQ, O.; HOSTE, V. Unsupervised Authorship Attribution for Medieval Latin using Transformer-Based Embeddings. In: Proceedings of the third workshop on language technologies for historical and ancient languages (lt4hala) @ lrec-coling-2024, Turin, 2024. p. 57-64.
DE VALERIOLA, S. A network approach to medieval documents: the heterogeneity of relationships. Digital Medievalist, v. 15, 2022. Disponível em: https://journal.digitalmedievalist.org/article/id/8070/. Acesso em: 18 ago. 2025.
DHAR, P. The carbon impact of artificial intelligence. Nature Machine Intelligence, v. 2, n. 8, p. 423–425, 2020. Disponível em: https://www.nature.com/articles/s42256-020-0219-9. Acesso em: 18 ago. 2025.
D'IGNAZIO, C.; KLEIN, L. F. Data Feminism. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2020.
EHRMANN, M.; et al. Named Entity Recognition, Linking, and Discovery in Historical Documents and Settings: A Survey. ACM Computing Surveys, 2023.
FICKERS, A. The Annales School and the Digital Turn. In: ZAAGSMA, G. (ed.). History in the Digital Age. Berlin: De Gruyter Oldenbourg, 2021. p. 15-32.
FINNEMANN, N. O. Digital humanities and networked digital media. MedieKultur: Journal of media and communication research, v. 30, n. 57, p. 94-114, 2014. Disponível em: https://www.mediekultur.dk/article/view/15592. Acesso em: 18 ago. 2025.
GOLD, M. K. (ed.). Debates in the Digital Humanities. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2012.
GONÇALVES, M. The hermeneutic problem posed by digital humanities. Revista de Teoria da História, v. 10, n. 1, 2022. Disponível em: https://revistas.ufg.br/teoria/article/view/70880. Acesso em: 18 ago. 2025.
GUPTA, A.; HU, Y.; MA, J.; LI, M. AI’s excessive water consumption threatens to drown out its benefits. United Nations Sustainable Development Group, 2024.
HOCKEY, S. The History of Humanities Computing. In: SCHREIBMAN, S.; SIEMENS, R.; UNSWORTH, J. (ed.). A Companion to Digital Humanities. Oxford: Blackwell, 2004. p. 3-19.
KEMMAN, M. Trading Zones of Digital History. Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter, 2021.
MADI, B. et al. Automated dating of medieval manuscripts with a new dataset. In: MOUCHÈRE, H.; ZHU, A. (ed.). Document Analysis and Recognition – ICDAR 2024 Workshops. Cham: Springer, 2024.
MILLIGAN, I. History in the Age of Abundance? How the Web Is Transforming Historical Research. Montreal; Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2019.
NAWIYANTO; HANDAYANI, S. A.; Salindri, D. Annales School of History: Its Origins, Development and contributions. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, v. 27, n. 5, p. 39-45, 2022. Disponível em: https://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jhss/papers/Vol.27-Issue5/Ser-8/G2705083945.pdf. Acesso em: 18 ago. 2025.
MÜHLBERGER, G.; et al. Transforming scholarship in the archives through handwriting text recognition: Transkribus as a case study. Journal of Documentation, v. 75, n. 5, p. 954-976, 2019. Disponível em: https://www.emerald.com/jd/article/75/5/954/206914/Transforming-scholarship-in-the-archives-through. Acesso em: 18 ago. 2025.
NYHAN, J.; ORTOLJA-BAIRD, A. Data is never raw: ethics and biases in digital cultural heritage collections. Science Museum Group Blog, 20 jun. 2023.
PASQUALE, F. The Black Box Society: The Secret Algorithms that Control Money and Information. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2015.
SANTOS, G. N. Por uma história digital: o ofício do historiador na era da internet. Tempo e Argumento, v. 13, n. 31, 2021.
SCHREIBMAN, S.; SIEMENS, R.; UNSWORTH, J. (ed.). A Companion to Digital Humanities. Oxford: Blackwell, 2004.
SOMMERSCHIELD, Thea; ASSAEL, Yannis; PAVLOPOULOS, John; STEFANAK, Vanessa; SENIOR, Andrew; DYER, Chris; BODEL, John; PRAG, Jonathan; ANDROUTSOPOULOS, Ion; DE FREITAS, Nando. Machine learning for ancient languages: a survey. Computational Linguistics, Cambridge, MA, v. 49, n. 3, p. 703-747, set. 2023. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00481. Acesso em: 18 ago. 2025.
STUTZMANN, D. et al. Integrated DH. Rationale of the HORAE Research Project. In: ADHO - 2019 “COMPLEXITIES”, Utrecht, 2019.
UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO. Uma História Conectada do Mediterrâneo Medieval – Objetivos. [2025]. Disponível em: https://sites.usp.br/historiaconectada/objetivos/. Acesso em: 04 ago. 2025.
ZBÍRAL, D.; SIKK, K.; SHAW, R. L. J. Bridging Digital History Methods and Source Criticism: A Research Agenda for the Study of Inquisition Records. Acta Historica Tallinnensia, v. 31, n. 1, p. 46-72, 2025. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.3176/hist.2025.1.02. Acesso em: 18 ago. 2025.
